Ambedkar is known as the father of the Constitution of India. On August 29, 1947, the Drafting Committee of the Constitutional Assembly was established.
Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (14 April 1891 – 6 December 1956) was an Indian jurist, economist, social reformer, and political leader who chaired the committee for drafting the Constitution of India after the Constituent Assembly debate, Cabinet Minister for Law and Justice served as a scientist.
After graduating from Elphinstone College, University of Bombay, Ambedkar studied economics at Columbia University and the London School of Economics, earning his Ph.D. in 1927 and 1923, respectively, and a handful of Indian students did so at each institution. in the 1920s were involved in He also trained for law at Grace Inn, London. At the beginning of his career, he was an economist, professor, and lawyer. His later life was characterized by his political activities; Contributed to partition campaigns and negotiations, published newspapers, defended political rights and social freedoms for Dalits, and created the Indian state converted to Buddhism in 1956 and initiated the mass conversion of Dalits.
In 1990, India's highest civilian award, the Bharat Ratna, was posthumously awarded to Ambedkar.
Ambedkar was born on 14 April 1891 in Mhow (now officially known as Dr. Ambedkar Nagar) (now in Madhya Pradesh) a military cantonment. He was the 14th and last child of Bhimbai Sakpal, daughter of Ramji Maloji Sakpal and Laxman Murbadkar, an army officer with the rank of Subedar. His family was of Marathi origin from Ambadave town (Mandangad taluka) in the Ratnagiri district of present-day Maharashtra. Ambedkar was born into the Mahar (Dalit) caste, which was seen as untouchable and subject to socio-economic discrimination. Ambedkar's ancestors had long served in the army of the British East India Company and his father served in the British Indian Army in the Mhow Cantonment. Although they attended school, Ambedkar and other untouchable children were segregated and received little attention and help from teachers. I was not allowed to sit inside the classroom. When they had to drink water, someone from a higher caste had to pour it over them as they were not allowed to touch the water or the vessel containing it this task was usually done by the school clerk for Ambedkar boys, if there was a clerk not available he had to to do without water; He later described the situation in his writings as "no clerk, no water." He was told to sit on the gun bag he was supposed to take home.
Ramji Sakpal retired in 1894 and two years later the family moved to Satara. Ambedkar's mother died soon after the transfer. The children were cared for by their uncles and lived in difficult circumstances. Ambedkar's three sons - Balram, Anandav, and Bhimrao - and two daughters - Manjula and Tulsa - survived them. Of the siblings, only Ambedkar passed the exam and attended high school. His original surname was Sakpal, but his father enrolled him in school as Ambadavekar, meaning he hails from his native village 'Ambadave' in Ratnagiri district. His Brahmin Marathi guru Krishnaji Keshav Ambedkar changed his surname from 'Ambadawekar' to 'Ambedkar' in school records.
In 1897, Ambedkar's family moved to Mumbai where Ambedkar became the only untouchable to enroll in the Elphinstone High School| In 1906, when he was about 15 years old, he married a nine-year-old girl named Ramabai. The match was organized by the couple's parents, as was the custom of the time.
He passed the matriculation examination in 1907 and the following year entered the Elphinstone College near the University of Bombay and according to him was the first person of His Majesty to do so State of Education in Other Communities. To celebrate his success, the community organized a public event at which author and family friend Dada Keluskar presented him with a biography of the Buddha.
He graduated from Bombay University in 1912 with degrees in Economics and Political Science and prepared to seek employment in the Baroda State Government. His wife had just moved into her new family and started work when she had to return immediately to Bombay to see her ailing father, who died on February 2, 1913|
Since Ambedkar was educated in the princely state of Baroda, he was bound to serve it. He appointed Gaikwad military secretary but had to leave soon. He narrated the incident in his autobiography "Waiting for a Visa". He then struggled to find a way to support his growing family. He worked as a private tutor, and accountant and built an investment advisory business, but failed when his clients discovered he was unreliable. In 1918 he became a professor of political economy at the Sydenham College of Commerce and Economics, Bombay. Although it was successful with the students, other professors objected to sharing the drinking water kettles with them.
Ambedkar was invited to testify before the Southern Borough Committee, which was drafting the Government of India Act 1919. At this hearing, Ambedkar argued for the creation of special areas and reservations for untouchables and other religious communities, including the Hero ( the silence of the leaders). publish.
Ambedkar started his career as a legal professional. In 1926, he successfully defended three non-Brahmin leaders who accused the Brahmin community of destroying India, after which they were sued for libel. “It was a tremendous win both socially and personally for clients and doctors,” said Dhananjay Keer.
While working as an advocate in the Bombay High Court, he tried to promote the education and upliftment of the untouchables. His first organized effort was the establishment of the central organization Bahishkrit Hitkari Sabha, which aimed at education and socio-economic reform and welfare of the "outcastes", launched several magazines such as Mooknayak, Bahishkrit Bharat Samata Janata to advocate Dalit rights.
He was appointed to the Bombay Presidential Committee in 1925 to undertake the work of the Pan-European Simon Commission. The commission sparked mass protests across India, its report was ignored by most Indians, and Ambedkar himself wrote a different set of recommendations for the future, the Constitution of India.
In 1927, Ambedkar decided to start an active movement against untouchability. They began with public agitation and marches towards the opening of public drinking fountains. He also started fighting for the right to enter Hindu temples. He led a satyagraha in Mahadnagar and fought for the right of the untouchable community to draw water from the city's main water tank. At a conference in 1927, Ambedkar publicly denounced the classic Hindu text Manusmriti (Law of Manu) as an ideological justification for caste discrimination and "untouchability" and officially confiscated copies of the ancient text on 25 December 1927. He and thousands of followers burned to death a duplicate of the Manusmriti. Thus, every year, December 25 is celebrated as Manusmriti Dahan Diwas by Ambedkar and Dalits.
In 1930, Ambedkar launched the Kalaram Temple Movement after three months of preparation. About 15,000 volunteers gathered at the Kalaram temple, one of the largest processions in Nashik. The procession was led by military troops and scouts; With discipline, order, and determination, men and women went to see God for the first time. When he reached the door, the Brahmin locked it.
In 1932, the British colonial government announced the creation of a special area for the "depressed classes" in municipal awards. Mahatma Gandhi strongly opposed separate areas for untouchables as he feared that such a system would divide the Hindu community. Gandhiji fasted and protested while imprisoned in Yerwada Central Jail in Pune. After the fast, Madan Mohan Malviya, Palavankar Balu, and other Congress politicians and workers held a joint meeting with Ambedkar and his supporters at Yerwada. On September 25, 1932, the Poona Pact was signed between Ambedkar (on behalf of the depressed section of Hindus) and Madan Mohan Malviya (on behalf of other Hindus). The agreement provided for reserved seats for depressed classes in the Provisional Assembly within the general constituency. The agreement resulted in 148 seats in the legislature for the Depressed Classes, called tribes, replacing the 71 previously proposed by the colonial government under Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald. The Poona Treaty created this unified constituency in theory, but primary and secondary elections allowed the untouchables to choose their candidates in practice.
He also served as the Chairman of the Governing Body after the death of Shri Raikedarnath, the founder of Ramjasa College, University of Delhi. While in Bombay (now known as Mumbai), Ambedkar supervised the construction of the house and kept over 50,000 books in his library. In the same year, his wife Ramabai passed away after a long illness. He had long wanted to go on a pilgrimage to Pandharpur, but Ambedkar had stopped him from going, saying that a new Pandharpur would be built for him instead of the Hindu Pandharpur, which he considered untouchable. On October 13, at the Yeola conversion conference in Nashik, Ambedkar announced his intention to convert to another religion and encouraged followers to leave Hinduism. He repeated his message at several public meetings across India.
In 1936, Ambedkar founded the Independent Labor Party, which contested 13 reserved and 4 common seats in the Central Assembly in the Bombay elections of 1937, winning 11 and 3 seats respectively.
It was sharply critical of orthodox Hindu religious leaders and the caste system in general and included "Gandhi's rebuke" on the subject. Later in 1955, he mentioned Gandhi in an interview with the BBC. Ambedkar, who accused Gujarati newspapers of writing against and in support of the caste system, also accused Jawaharlal Nehru of being ‘conscious of Brahminism’ in his writings.
During this time, Ambedkar also fought against the khoti system prevailing in the Konkan, where the khoti or government revenue collectors regularly exploited the peasants and tenants. In 1937, Ambedkar introduced a bill in the Bombay Assembly to abolish the hollow system by establishing a direct relationship between the government and the farmers.
Ambedkar served on the Defense Advisory Committee and the Executive Council of the Viceroy as Minister of Labour. Ahead of the Liberation Day event, Ambedkar said he was interested in participating. Jinnah’s statement and feel ashamed that I have allowed him to attack me and hijack my language and spirit. He suggested that the community in which he worked was twenty times more oppressed by Congressional policies than Indian Muslims; He made it clear that he was not criticizing the Congress. Both criticized the Congress "harshly" and, according to one observer, suggested the incompatibility of Islam and Hinduism.
After the Muslim League demanded Pakistan in its Lahore Resolution (1940), Ambedkar wrote a 400-page booklet, Reviews on Pakistan, which analyzed the concept of “Pakistan” in all its aspects Ambedkar argued that the Pakistan of the Hindus should be given to the Muslims. He proposed that the provincial boundaries of Punjab and Bengal should be redrawn to separate the Muslim and non-Muslim majorities. He felt that the Muslims could not oppose the revision of the boundaries of the province| If they had done so, they "could not have understood the nature of their demands." Opinion about Pakistan "rocked Indian politics for a decade," says scholar Venkat Dhulipal. This paved the way for negotiations between the Muslim League and the Indian National Congress, which paved the way for the partition of India
Was your creation Shudra? In this, Ambedkar tried to explain the creation of the untouchables. They regarded the lower castes, Shudras and Atishudras as distinct from the untouchables in the ritual hierarchy of the caste system. Ambedkar oversaw the transformation of his political party into the Scheduled Castes Union. It did not do well in the provincial elections of 1946 but managed to win the support of Congress legislators in Bengal and elect Ambedkar to the Constituent Assembly of India.
Jagjivan Ram's wife Indrani Jagjivan Ram wrote in her memoirs that Ambedkar persuaded her husband to ask Mahatma Gandhi to include him in Nehru's cabinet in independent India. Initially, Jagjivan Ram consulted Vallabhbhai Patel before asking Gandhiji to recommend Ambedkar for inclusion in Nehru's cabinet, after Gandhiji recommended Nehru's name, Ambedkar finally Nehru's first as India's law minister He joined the ministry.
After the defeat of the Hindu Code Bill in Parliament, on 27 September 1951, Ambedkar resigned from Nehru's Cabinet Ministry
Ambedkar contested the first Indian general election from Bombay North in 1952 but lost to former aide and Congress candidate Narayan Sadobak Jarolkar. Ambedkar became a member of the Rajya Sabha, probably a nominated member. In the 1954 by-election, he tried to re-enter the Lok Sabha from Bhandara, but finished third (the Congress won). In 1957, Ambedkar died during the second general election.
Ambedkar also criticized Islamic practices in South Asia. He justified the partition of India and condemned child marriage and the abuse of women in Muslim society.
No words can adequately describe the great and numerous evils of polygamy and concubinage and the source of suffering especially for Muslim women. Take the caste system. All conclude that Islam must be free from slavery and caste. […] [When there was slavery] it got a lot of support from Islam and Islamic countries. While the Prophet’s prescriptions regarding the just and humane treatment of slaves in the Qur’an are commendable, there is nothing in Islam to support the abolition of this curse. But if slavery was abolished, caste would remain among Muslims.
After India’s independence on August 15, 1947, the new Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru invited Ambedkar to serve as the Dominion of India’s Law Minister; Two weeks later he was appointed chairman of the committee that drafted the constitution of the future Republic of India.
In his closing address to the Constituent Assembly on 25 November 1949, Ambedkar said:
"The credit given to me is not mine. This is partly due to Sir B N Rao, the Constituent Assembly's Constitutional Adviser, who drafted the rough draft of the Constitution," he said prepared for the consideration of the forming committee."
The Indian constitution guarantees and protects a wide range of civil liberties for individual citizens such as freedom of religion, abolition of untouchability, and prohibition of all forms of discrimination ambedkar was one of the ministers who comprehensive for women Argued economic and social rights, and argued for the introduction of a system of reservation for members and other backward classes in jobs in SCs and SCs and STs - civil services, schools, and colleges. The meeting was supported. , a positive verb-like system. Through these measures, India’s legislators hoped to address socioeconomic inequality and lack of opportunity for India’s depressed sections. On November 26, it was approved by the Constituent Assembly.
Ambedkar expressed his disagreement with the Constitution during the 1953 session of Parliament: "People always say to me, 'Oh, you are the architect of the Constitution.' My answer is that I was a fool. I have no business." “I did a lot of things against my will.” Ambedkar added, “I am quite ready to say that I will be the first one. I don’t want this. That doesn't suit anyone."
Ambedkar was the first Indian to receive a doctorate in economics abroad. He argued that industrialization and agricultural development could boost the Indian economy. He emphasized investment in agriculture as the main industry of India. [citation needed] Ambedkar advocated national economic and social development with emphasis on education, public sanitation, community health, and housing facilities as basic amenities, and his DSC thesis The Rupee Problem: Its Origin and Solution ( 1923) examines the reasons for the devaluation of the rupee. In this thesis, he argued for a revised gold standard and opposed the gold exchange standard advocated by Keynes in his Indian Currency and Finance (1909) which he claimed was less stable. Adjust currency rates and prices He thought so.
He also analyzed the revenue in his doctoral thesis The Evolution of Provincial Finance in British India. In this book, he analyzed the various systems used by the British colonial government to manage finances in India. On finance, he believed that governments should ensure that their expenditure is “honest, wise and frugal”. "Faithfulness" means that governments should use that money as closely as possible to the original purpose for which it was spent in the first place. "Wisdom" means using it for the greater public good, and "economy" means using money in a way that maximizes value.
Ambedkar opposed the imposition of income tax on low-income groups. He was also instrumental in land revenue and excise tax policies to stabilize the economy. [citation needed] played an important role in state land reform and economic development. [citation needed] According to him, the caste system divides labor, and due to the hierarchical nature of its caste labor (upper castes do not take over lower caste occupations) and capital (assuming that investors first invest in themselves does) obstruct the movement of). will invest in the business). His theory of state socialism had three points: state ownership of agricultural land, maintenance of resources for production by the state, and equal distribution of these resources among the population. He highlighted the open economy with a stable rupee, which India has recently embraced. [citation needed] He advocated birth control for the development of the Indian economy, which the Government of India has adopted as a national policy for family planning. He stressed on equal rights of women for economic development.
Many of Comm's ideas are of deep interest to the Austrian School of Commons. Ambedkar's views were opposed to those of Karl Menger, Ludwig von Mises, Friedrich Hayek, and William Graham Sumner. Coombs’ theory of open psychology built on the work of Menger and Gopal Krishna Gokhale on finance and wealth. Influenced by the idea of the marketability of money found in Menger's article 'On the Origin of Money' about the differences between different money methods Ambedkar's endorsement of free loans by the Royal Commission and the Government of India was done.
Ambedkar wrote in his book Development of Provincial Finance in British India: "It cannot be said to be known and approved of all the different policies in the various provinces under the All-India Central Government. There is experience. Hence it is necessary that. .. the affairs of the provincial administration should be less constitutional than those of the Provisional Empire.'
Regarding agricultural land, Ambedkar believed that it was being overused. He believed there was an "ideal proportion" of products most productively used on farmland. For this, he considered the large number of people dependent on agriculture as the main problem of the time. Therefore, considering the industrialization ideology of the industry, the monastery of Inihari can be used much more. [Quote from Riyadh] Obama believed that the transition from agricultural farmers to non-agricultural farmers was necessary.
Ambedkar's first wife, Ramabai, After completing the drafting of the Constitution of India in 1940, he suffered from sleep deprivation, had neuropathic pain in remission, and took prescription and homeopathic medicines. She went to Bombay for treatment and met Sharda Kabir at his home in New Delhi and got married in April 1948. He took care to look after his friend. Savita Ambedkar aka 'Mai' passed away on 29 May 2003 in Mumbai.
Ambedkar considered converting to Sikhism, which encouraged resistance to oppression, so he appealed to SC leaders. However, after meeting Sikh leaders, he concluded that they could achieve the status of "second class" Sikhs.
Instead, he turned his attention to Buddhism in 1950, traveling to Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) to attend a meeting of the World Federation of Buddhists dedicating a new Buddhist monastery near Pune to Ambedkar, declaring that He’s writing a book on Buddhism and… when it’s finished, it would convert. In 1954 he visited Burma twice; A second time to attend the Third Conference of the World Buddhist Alliance in Rangoon. In 1955, he founded the Indian Buddhist Mahasabha, or Buddhist Society of India. In 1956 he completed his final posthumous book, The Buddha and His Dhamma.
After meeting the Sri Lankan Buddhist monk Hammalwa Saddatisa, Ambedkar held an official public ceremony for himself and his supporters in Nagpur on 14 October 1956. Traditionally, Ambedkar after accepting three shelters and five orders from a Buddhist monk completed the conversion. , with my wife. He then proceeded to convert the nearly 500,000 supporters who had gathered around him. Twenty-two vows, including the Three Gems and the Five Commandments, were prescribed for these converts. He then traveled to Kathmandu, Nepal, to attend the Fourth World Buddhist Congress.[88] Neither the Buddha nor Karl Marx's work on "Revolution and Counter-Revolution in Ancient India" remained unfinished.
From June to October 1954, Ambedkar suffered from diabetes due to the side effects of medication and poor eyesight. In 1955 his health deteriorated. Three days after the completion of the final manuscript, The Buddha and His Dhamma, Ambedkar died in his sleep on December 6, 1956, at his home in Delhi.
On December 7, a Buddhist cremation ceremony was held at Dadar Chowpatty Beach, attended by half a million mourners. A conversion program was organized on December 16, 1956, so that those at the cremation could convert to Buddhism on the spot.
Ambedkar is survived by his second wife Savita Ambedkar (known as Maisaheb Ambedkar) who died in 2003 and his son Yashwant Ambedkar (known as Bhaiyasaheb Ambedkar) who died in 1977. B.R.Ambedkar. Yashwant served as the second president of the Indian Buddhist Association (1957-1977) and a member of the Legislative Council of Maharashtra (1960-1966). Prakash Yashwant Ambedkar, Ambedkar’s great-grandson, is the Principal Advisor to the Indian Buddhist Society, head of Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi, and has served in both houses of the Indian Parliament. Ambedkar's youngest grandson, Anandraj Ambedkar, heads the Republican Army (translated as "Republican Army").
Many incomplete manuscripts and handwritten drafts of Ambedkar's notes and letters were found and slowly made available. These included Waiting for a Visa, films and autobiographical works probably from 1935 to 1936, and The Untouchables or Ghetto Children of India referring to the 1951 census
A memorial was erected at Ambedkar's Delhi home at 26 Alipur Road. His birth anniversary is known as Ambedkar Jayanti or Bhim Jayanti which is celebrated as a public holiday in many states of India.
At least 500,000 people have gathered at his memorial in Mumbai to pay their respects on his birth-death anniversary and in Nagpur on Dhamma Chakra Initiation Day (October 14). Thousands of libraries have been built and books sold. His message to followers was, “Educate, agitate, organize.
Ambedkar had said in 1935 that he was born a Hindu but a Hindu never dies. He saw Hinduism as an "oppressive religion" and began to consider conversion. In The Destruction of Caste, Ambedkar contends that the only sustainable way to achieve a truly casteless society is to destroy belief in the sanctity of scriptures and reject their authority. Ambedkar was a critic of Hindu scriptures and epic poetry and wrote Riddles in Hinduism from 1954-1955. Manuscripts of individual cases were collected and published posthumously, resulting in large-scale exhibitions and counter-exhibitions.
Ambedkar believed that Christianity was unable to fight injustice. "It is an indisputable fact," he wrote, "that Christianity was not sufficient to end the slavery of the Negro in America. The Civil War was necessary to give the Negro the freedom which the Christians had rejected him."
Ambedkar criticizes the differences within Islam, calling the religion "a narrow corporation and the distinctions it makes between Muslims and non-Muslims are very real, very positive and very alienating."
He opposed the conversion of the depressed classes to Islam or Christianity, saying that if they converted to Islam, "the danger of Muslim domination becomes surreal"
Initially, Ambedkar had planned to convert to Sikhism, but when he learned that the British government would not guarantee untouchable privileges in reserved parliamentary seats, he rejected the idea.
He converted to Buddhism on October 16, 1956, a few weeks before his death.
Ambedkar's views on communism were expressed in two essays "Buddha or Karl Marx" and "Buddhism and Communism" in 1956. He endorsed the Marxist theory of the perpetuation of poverty and its issues by the exploitation of the masses by the privileged few. Although he did not see exploitation as purely economic, he theorized that the cultural aspect of exploitation was as bad or worse than economic exploitation. Moreover, she did not see economic relations as the only important aspect of human life. He also considered the communist proletariat ready to use any means, including fighting, to achieve revolution and himself considered the peaceful democratic means of change as the best alternative. Ambedkar controlled all means of production and ended private property ownership. He also opposed the Marxist idea of By doing this, Ambedkar believed in a classless society, but he also believed that as long as society exists, the state exists and should be active in development.
Many films, plays and other works have been based on the life and ideas of Ambedkar.
Indian director Jabbar Patel made the 1991 film Dr. produced a documentary titled Babasaheb Ambedkar; He then starred in the 2000 feature film Dr. Seuss is the one. Babasaheb produced Ambedkar in which Mammootty played the lead role. The biopic is sponsored by the National Film Development Corporation of India and the government’s Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment. The film was released after a long and controversial period.
Other Indian films on Ambedkar include Balaka Ambedkar (1991), by Basavaraj Kester; Ambedkar (1992), and Dr. written by the. Ambedkar (1992), Bharataparepalli.
UCLA anthropology professor and historical ethnographer David Blundell founded Arising Light – a series of films and events aimed at promoting interest and knowledge about Ambedkar’s life in the social situation and constitution of India, the Constitution of India A television mini-series about construction, directed by… Shyam Benegal. and B.R. Sachin Khedkar played an important role in Ambedkar. Directed by Arvind Gaur and written by Rajesh Kumar, Ambedkar-Gandhi follows the two main figures of its title.
BHIMAYAN: The experience of untouchability, Pardhan-Gond artists Durgabai Vyam and Subhash Vyam and writers Srividya Natarajan and S.K. This is a graphic biography of Ambedkar by Anand. The book describes Ambedkar's experience of untouchability from childhood to maturity. CNN named it one of the top 5 political comic books.
The cemetery has monuments depicting his life.
The slogan Jai Bhim was given in 1946 by the Dalit community of Delhi in his honor.
Google celebrated Ambedkar’s 124th birth anniversary on April 14, 2015, through a doodle on its home page. Doodles were exhibited in India, Argentina, Chile, Ireland, Peru, Poland, Sweden, and the United Kingdom.
A superhero is Dr. There is a B.R. An Indian television show depicting his life, Ambedkar, aired on &TV in
Another show is Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar - Mahamanvachi Gauravgatha has been airing in Marathi on Star Pravas ever since.
The Department of Education, Government of Maharashtra (Mumbai) published a compilation of Ambedkar’s writings and speeches in various volumes. The list of works of Ambedkar includes the following.
Caste in India: Its System, Origin and Development 11 more essays Extermination of Race, (1936).
Round Table Conference with Ambedkar and the Simon Commission in the Bombay Legislative Assembly, (1927-1939).
Essays on untouchability and untouchability
Development of Provincial Finance in British India
Who were the untouchables and why did they become untouchables?
Who were the Shudras? (1946) of the
Also published as Pakistan or Partition of India (1945), Reviews on Pakistan (1941).
what the Congress and Gandhi did to the untouchables; Mr. Gandhi and untouchability
The Buddha and His Dhamma
unpublished articles; Ancient Indian Trade; notes on the law; I am waiting for my visa; All sorts of notes and so on.
Ambedkar is considered the chief architect of the Constitution of India.
(Part 2) Ambedkar and the Hindu Code Law
Ambedkar was the first law minister of independent India and was a member of the opposition in the Indian Parliament (1947-1956).
Pali-Dictionary and Pali Grammar
Ambedkar and his egalitarian revolution - the struggle for human rights. chronological events from March 1927 to November 17, 1956;
Ambedkar and his egalitarian revolution – social, political, and religious activities. chronological events from November 1929 to May 8, 1956;
Ambedkar and his egalitarian revolution - speech. (Chronologically January 1 to November 20, 1956.)